Jack, the Ripper. A Mistery...

Thursday 7^th May

Hello! How’s your weekend going?

Nearly finished, I’m afraid.

What did we do in our class last week?

We started with a review of verb patterns.

You had to classify different verbs and expressions in three columns: V+to +infinitive, V+ bare infinitive (infinitive without ‘to’) or V+ -ing. In some cases the same verb could go in two different columns. Most of the times, there was a change in meaning.

The easiest group of pattern verbs to learn, are the ones followed by bare infinitive. They are modals (can, could, will, would, should, must, may, might, shall plus let and make. Also see or hear when they mean that the action was completed).

Verb patterns: verb + infinitive or verb + -ing?

from English Grammar Today

Verbs followed by a to-infinitive

Some verbs can be followed immediately by a to-infinitive:

afford	demand	like	pretend
agree	fail	love	promise
arrange	forget	manage	refuse
ask	hate	mean (= intend)	remember
begin	help	need	start
choose	hope	offer	try
continue	intend	plan	want
decide	learn	prefer

I can’t afford to go on holiday.

It began to rain.

She hopes to go to university next year.

My mother never learnt to swim.

Did you remember to ring Nigel?

See also:

• Help somebody (to) do
• Want
• Verbs followed by a direct object and a to-infinitive

Verbs followed by -ing

-ing but not to-infinitive

Some verbs are normally followed by the -ing form, not the to-infinitive:

admit	deny	finish	mind
avoid	dislike	give up	miss
(can’t) help	enjoy	imagine	practise
(can’t) stand	fancy	involve	put off
consider	feel like	keep (on)	risk

I always enjoy cooking.

Not: I always enjoy to cook.

We haven’t finished eating yet.

Not: We haven’t finished to eat.

She keeps changing her mind about the wedding.

New subject before -ing

Some of these verbs (e.g. can’t stand, dislike, imagine, involve, mind, miss, put off and risk) can be used with a new subject before the -ing form (underlined in the examples below). If the new subject is a pronoun, it is in the object form (me, him, her, us, them):

We just couldn’t imagine Gerry singing in public.

Do you mind me being here while you’re working?

I don’t want to risk him losing his job.

See also:

• Verbs followed by -ing

Verbs followed by a to-infinitive or -ing

Hate, like, love, prefer

Hate, like, love and prefer can be followed either by -ing or a to-infinitive. The difference in meaning is often small. The -ing form emphasises the verb itself. The to-infinitive puts the emphasis more on the preference for, or the results of, the action.

Compare

-ing form	to-infinitive
I love cooking Indian food. (emphasis on the process itself and enjoyment of it)	I like to drink juice in the morning, and tea at lunchtime. (emphasis more on the preference or habit)
She hates cleaning her room. (emphasis on the process itself and no enjoyment of it)	I hate to be the only person to disagree.(emphasis more on the result: I would prefer not to be in that situation.)
Most people prefer watching a film at the cinema rather than on TV.(emphasis on the process itself and enjoyment of it)	We prefer to drive during the day whenever we can. (emphasis more on the result and on the habit or preference. The speaker doesn’t necessarily enjoy the process of driving at any time of day.)

Hate, like, love, prefer with would or should

When hate, like, love and prefer are used with would or should, only theto-infinitive is used, not the -ing form:

She’d love to get a job nearer home.

Not: She’d love getting a job nearer home.

Would you like to have dinner with us on Friday?

To-infinitive or -ing form with a change in meaning

Some verbs can be followed by a to-infinitive or the -ing form, but with a change in meaning:

go on	need	remember	try
mean	regret	stop	want

Compare

-ing form	to-infinitive
Working in London means leaving home at 6.30. (Because I work in London, this is the result or consequence.)	I didn’t mean to make you cry. (I didn’t intend to make you cry.)
He went on singing after everyone else had finished. (He continued singing without stopping.)	She recited a poem, then went on tosing a lovely folk song. (She recited the poem first, then she sang the song.)
I tried searching the web and finally found an address for him.(I searched the web to see what information I could find.)	I tried to email Simon but it bounced back. (I tried/attempted to email him but I did not succeed.)
She stopped crying as soon as she saw her mother. (She was crying, and then she didn’t cry anymore.)	We stopped to buy some water at the motorway service area. (We were travelling and we stopped for a short time in order to buy some water.)

See also:

• Mean
• Need
• Remember or remind?
• Stop + -ing form or to-infinitive
• Want

Verbs followed by an infinitive without to

Let, make

Let and make are followed by an infinitive without to in active voice sentences. They always have an object (underlined) before the infinitive:

Let me show you this DVD I’ve got.

They made us wait while they checked our documents.

Not: They made us to wait …

Help

Help can be followed by an infinitive without to or a to-infinitive:

She helped me find a direction in life.

Everyone can help to reduce carbon emissions by using public transport.

See also:

• Help somebody (to) do
• Let, let’s
• Make

Verbs followed by -ing or an infinitive without to

A group of verbs connected with feeling, hearing and seeing can be used with -ing or with an infinitive without to:

feel	notice	see
hear	overhear	watch

When they are used with -ing, these verbs emphasise the action or event in progress. When they are used with an infinitive without to, they emphasise the action or event seen as a whole, or as completed.

Compare

-ing	infinitive without to
She heard people shouting in the street below and looked out of the window. (emphasises that the shouting probably continued or was repeated)	I heard someone shout ‘Help!’, so I ran to the river.(emphasises the whole event: the person probably shouted only once)
A police officer saw him runningalong the street. (emphasises the running as it was happening)	Emily saw Philip run out of Sandra’s office. (emphasises the whole event from start to finish)

Verbs followed by a direct object and a to-infinitive

Some verbs are used with a direct object (underlined) followed by a to-infinitive. These verbs include:

advise	hate	like	persuade	request
ask	help	love	prefer	teach
challenge	instruct	need	recommend	tell
choose	intend	order	remind	want
forbid	invite

I advised him to get a job as soon as possible.

Did Martin teach Gary to play squash?

They want me to go to Germany with them.

(“Verb patterns: verb + infinitive or verb + - ing ?” from English Grammar Today © Cambridge 

Then, we continued with Paco telling - I mean, reading - the story about ‘Jack the Ripper.’

We listened to an interview with Ken Morton, an expert on Jack the Ripper. He was consulted by Patricia Cornwell, the American crime writer, in her investigation about this murderer.

After that, we introduced the grammar topic of question tags.

A question tag is a short question made up by an auxiliary verb and a pronoun. If the sentence is affirmative, the tag is negative and the other way round; if the sentence is negative, the tag is affirmative.

We use this kind of questions to check information so as to see if we have the correct data. They can also be used just to keep the conversation going. This is the reason why, intonation is an important factor. Depending on the intonation pattern, the tag will pursue one objective or the other.

Click here to try an exercise on  question tags

And that was all!

For homework, do the exercises on the photocopy I gave you. You can find the exercises on www.perfect-english-grammar.com gerunds and infinitives parts 1 and 2. On the page with the title, ‘All about me’, rewrite and correct the sentences you wrote because you have to hand it in next Thursday.

GAME 4

Player 1	7
Player 2	9
Player 3	---
Player 4	8
Player 5	3
Player 6	5
Player 7	3

See you on Thursday!